Diversity and community structure of bats (Chiroptera) in the Centre Region of Cameroon

In this survey, we investigated the diversity and community structure of bats in the Centre Region of Cameroon with respect to their distribution in the different vegetation zones of the region. We mist-netted bats monthly from January 2016 to June 2017 for five nonconsecutive nights per month. Thirty-nine sites were surveyed: 24 in traditional farms, nine in the savannah and six in the forests. A total of 668 bats were captured during 81 nights of capture, covering seven families, 21 genera and 36 species. This included 26 species in traditional farms, 13 species in savannah and 11 species in the forest. Micropteropus pusillus was the most abundant species (30.7%) recorded, followed by Hipposideros ruber (24.9%). The sample efficiency was estimated at 72.1% with fitted species accumulation curves not reaching asymptotes for the three habitat types, suggesting that the survey did not record all the bats present. There was an indication of general increased in abundance of bats during the dry and rainy seasons but it is not significant (Mann–Whitney U: 783.5, p = .195). The rarity index was highest in traditional farms (0.44), followed by savannah (0.38) and then forest (0.33). This preliminary survey provides baseline data on the distribution of bats in the different vegetation types in the Centre Region of Cameroon.     

珠三角地区四季草坪杂草群落组成及其生态位

利用倒置"W"九点取样法,对珠三角地区5个城市32个草坪样点进行了季节动态调查.结果表明:春季草坪杂草群落结构以水蜈蚣(KyUinga brevifolia)+三点金(Desmodium triflorum)+狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)+积雪草(Asiatic pennywort)为主;夏季以水蜈蚣+三点金+香附子(Cypems rotundus)+伞房花耳草(Hedyotis corymbosa)为主;秋季以水蜈蚣+三点金+伞房花耳草+狗牙根为主;冬季以积雪草+水蜈蚣+天胡荽(Hydrocotyle sibthorpoioides)+三点金为主.运用改进的Levins生态位宽度指数和Pianka生态位重叠指数对四季优势杂草生态位进行分析,结果表明,大部分杂草生态位宽度在0.5以下,生态位宽度达到0.50的有水蜈蚣(四季均最高),三点金(秋季)、狗牙根(春季)、酢浆草(Oxalis pes-caprae)(春季).春季优势杂草的生态位重叠指数达到0.60的最多,冬季则最少.生态位重叠指数的最大值出现在夏季,分别是天胡荽和母草(Lindernia crustacea)、白花蛇舌草(Hedyotis diffusa)和瓶尔小草(Ophioglossum vulgatum)之间,可达0.85.     

北京野生水鸟迁徙规律及其监测策略初探

2005年全球暴发的禽流感疫情备受世界关注,候鸟带毒且野生水鸟是禽流感病毒的天然储库已被世界公认,我国野生动物疫源疫病监测工作已被提到重要议事日程.通过对2006～2008年监测数据的分析,发现北京市野生水鸟春季迁徙从2月下旬开始,4月初达到迁徙高峰;9月下旬开始秋季南迁,11月下旬达到迁徙高峰.并分别对北京地区雁鸭类、鹬鸻类、鹭类的迁徙规律进行了分析;根据北京的气候特点分析了野生水鸟的分布和迁徙特点;根据禽流感病毒与温度的关系,提出了北京的重点监测时期及物种.     

云南哀牢山地区种子植物区系研究

依据采集的4 000余份标本及馆藏标本的整理和鉴定,云南哀牢山地区有野生种子植物199科945属2 238种215变种(亚种).植物种类十分丰富,是云南植物多样性最为丰富的地区之一.种子植物区系总体上是亚热带性质,其热带科占70.47%,热带属占63.89%,热带成分虽多于温带成份,但相当数量温带成分的存在反映了该区系具有从热带向温带的过渡性质.该植物区系缺少典型热带成分,但具有不少东亚特征科属.因此,该植物区系在区划上仍属于东亚区中国-喜马拉雅植物亚区,云南高原地区,属于东亚植物区系的一部分.     

太湖地区湿沉降中氮磷输入量 ——以常熟生态站为例

2003年6月—2004年5月,在中国科学院常熟生态站(31°32′45″ N ,120°41′57″ E)连续定位收集降雨,分析其中颗粒态和溶解态氮磷浓度,并对期间太湖地区氮磷湿沉降动态进行研究.结果表明：湿沉降氮输入量的季节变化显著,夏、春季高,秋、冬季低;湿沉降输入氮中88.2%为溶解氮（dissolved itrogen,DN）,11.8%为颗粒氮（particle nitrogen,PN）;湿沉降输入磷中溶解磷（dissolved phosphorus,DP）和颗粒磷（particle phosphorus,PP）比例分别为53.3%和46.7%;中、小雨携带的总氮（total nitrogen,TN）、总磷（total phosphorus,TP）污染物通量大于大、暴雨;太湖地区每年湿沉降输入TN、TP分别为30.2 kg·hm^-2和1.1 kg·hm^-2,且所有降雨中DN浓度均大于水体富营养化阈值,92.5%的降雨中DP大于水体富营养化阈值.     

Discovery of three new species of Drosophila obscura species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from Mount Kinabalu in Borneo

We describe three new species of the Drosophila obscura species group, D. hypercephala , D. hideakii and D. quadrangula Gao & Toda, spp. nov., all discovered from high altitudes (>1500 m) on Mt Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. These are the southernmost distribution records of the D. obscura group in the Oriental Region. The three new species are each morphologically similar to different species of the Old World D. obscura species subgroup. This suggests that they are descendants of different founder species that independently colonized the tropics from the subtropical or temperate zones during the glacial ages. The new species D. hypercephala is hypercephalic not only in males but also, although less distinct, in females, unlike other hypercephalic drosophilid species in which only males are hypercephalic. This new finding of a hypercephalic species from the subgenus Sophophora , of which species are relatively easy to culture in the laboratory and include the model species such as D. melanogaster and D. pseudoobscura , will promote genetic analyses on the development and the evolution of hypercephaly.     

Intraspecific trait variation influences physiological performance and fitness in the South Africa shrub genus Protea (Proteaceae)

Background and AimsGlobal plant trait datasets commonly identify trait relationships that are interpreted to reflect fundamental trade-offs associated with plant strategies, but often these trait relationships are not identified when evaluating them at smaller taxonomic and spatial scales. In this study we evaluate trait relationships measured on individual plants for five widespread Protea species in South Africa to determine whether broad-scale patterns of structural trait (e.g. leaf area) and physiological trait (e.g. photosynthetic rates) relationships can be detected within natural populations, and if these traits are themselves related to plant fitness.MethodsWe evaluated the variance structure (i.e. the proportional intraspecific trait variation relative to among-species variation) for nine structural traits and six physiological traits measured in wild populations. We used a multivariate path model to evaluate the relationships between structural traits and physiological traits, and the relationship between these traits and plant size and reproductive effort.Key ResultsWhile intraspecific trait variation is relatively low for structural traits, it accounts for between 50 and 100 % of the variation in physiological traits. Furthermore, we identified few trait associations between any one structural trait and physiological trait, but multivariate regressions revealed clear associations between combinations of structural traits and physiological performance (R² = 0.37–0.64), and almost all traits had detectable associations with plant fitness.ConclusionsIntraspecific variation in structural traits leads to predictable differences in individual-level physiological performance in a multivariate framework, even though the relationship of any particular structural trait to physiological performance may be weak or undetectable. Furthermore, intraspecific variation in both structural and physiological traits leads to differences in plant size and fitness. These results demonstrate the importance of considering measurements of multivariate phenotypes on individual plants when evaluating trait relationships and how trait variation influences predictions of ecological and evolutionary outcomes.     

北京市湿地生态补偿标准研究

确定合理的湿地生态补偿标准是构建有效湿地生态补偿机制的关键。以北京市境内的湿地为研究对象,利用DPSIR模型明晰北京市湿地生态补偿的机理;基于问卷调查数据,分别利用二元Logistic模型和Tobit模型对影响受调查者受偿态度和受偿意愿的相关因素进行分析;运用条件价值法以及考虑时间价值和经济社会发展阶段的修正湿地生态系统服务价值确定最终的生态补偿标准,并对北京市制定湿地生态补偿机制提出了政策建议。研究结果表明：（1）北京市合理的湿地生态补偿标准为2.728×10⁴-4.84×10⁴元hm^-2a^-1;（2）地区差异、受调查者对湿地保护政策的了解程度以及湿地与社区之间的关系显著影响其受偿态度;（3）地区差异、年龄、受教育程度、家庭收入情况、对生态补偿的了解程度显著影响其受偿意愿;（4）为减少将来推进湿地生态补偿过程中可能遭遇的潜在阻碍,北京市应该加强湿地保护相关政策的宣传普及工作,注重对基层政策落实情况的监督,协调湿地政策与社区的关系;（5）有必要结合地区特征制定差异化的湿地生态补偿标准。研究结果可为今后北京市探索建立湿地生态补偿机制、提升湿地保护效率提供科学数据和理论参考。     

北京市植物物候对热岛效应的响应

都市的快速发展致使城市热岛效应日渐加剧。城市绿化对缓解热岛效应有一定的作用,但同时其物候也受到了影响。本文基于遥感影像数据,通过对照北京市热岛区与非热岛区、不同热岛强度等级的植物物候差别,研究热岛效应对植物物候的影响。采用Landsat 8影像对北京市地表温度进行反演,结合空间分析进行热岛效应分区分级识别;通过MOD13A1的归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据,采用Dallimer平均值法和动态阈值法提取植被生长季始期(SOG)、生长季末期(EOG)、生长季长度(LOG)等重要植被物候参数,研究植被物候在热岛区与非热岛区、不同热岛强度等级之间的差异。结果表明:北京市夏季与冬季相比,热岛效应更为显著;利用Dallimer平均值法提取的北京市热岛区SOG比非热岛区提前4 d,EOG延迟9 d,LOG延长13 d;利用动态阈值法提取的SOG提早10 d,EOG推迟4d,LOG延长14 d,动态阈值法提取的物候信息与观测的物候信息更为接近;随着热岛强度等级提高,SOG提前,EOG推迟,LOG延长。本研究丰富了我国华北地区植被物候对热岛效应的响应机制,同时对研究全球变暖对生态系统的影响具有一定价值。     

京津冀地区生态系统服务供需测度及时空演变

生态系统服务供需状况深刻影响地区生态安全与经济社会的可持续发展。以京津冀为研究区,选取产水、碳固持以及粮食生产3项生态系统服务,应用InVEST模型、ArcGIS空间分析模块,定量测度2005年与2015年京津冀地区生态系统服务供需水平,探索京津冀地区生态系统服务供需时空格局及类型演变特征。结果表明：（1）在2005年与2015年,京津冀地区产水服务处于供需赤字状态,碳固持服务和粮食生产服务处于供需盈余状态,且各项生态系统服务供需状态呈显著的空间异质性;（2）2005年与2015年京津冀地区生态系统服务综合供需状况呈赤字状态,主要赤字范围以京津为中心呈环状分布,并在此期间范围有所扩大。（3）基于生态系统服务供需状况,将京津冀各县区划分为生态涵养区、生态保育区、生态改良区、生态恢复区以及生态控制区,并针对各类型区生态系统供需状况及其时空演变规律,提出了相应的政策建议。